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BASAL GANGLIA

BRAIN MINERALIZATION

PKAN (PANK2) 

TYPICAL PKAN:

AGE OF ONSET <12YRS

DYSARTHRIA/ DYSTONIA/ OPISTHOTONUS

PRAYING MANTIS SIGN/ CHOREA

PARKINSONISM/ SPASTICITY/ OPTIC ATROPHY

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA (25%)

ACANTHOCYTES (8%)

ATYPICAL PKAN:

EARLY CHILDHOOD TO LATE ADULTHOOD

SLOWER PROGRESSION

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS

OCD/ IMPULSIVITY/ DEPRESSION

PALILALIA/ TICS

CAN MIMIC JUVENILE PARKINSONISM

CAN MIMIC TOURETTE SYNDROME

RX: DEFERIPRONE 30MG/KG/DAY

MAY BE USEFUL (MIXED RESULTS)

DBS MAY BE USEFUL

PLAN (PLA2G6)

DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONISM

ATAXIA/ SPASTICITY

LEVODOPA-INDUCED EARLY DYSKINESIA

INVOLVING LOWER FACE

TRUNCAL DYSTONIA

PHENOTYPES:

DYSTONIA PARKINSONISM

SPASTIC PARAPARESIS

CEREBELLAR ATAXIA

RX: LEVODOPA PARTIALLY RESPONSIVE

FAHN/ SPG35  

SPASTICITY/ DYSTONIA

OPTIC ATROPHY

COGNITION/ EPILEPSY/ VSGP

MRI: BRAIN STEM ATROPHY

MPAN  

DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONISM

SPASTICITY

BILATERAL OPTIC ATROPHY

AXONAL NEUROPATHY

SENDA (BPAN) (WDR45)  

BIPHASIC CLINICAL PROFILE

CHILDHOOD-ONSET:

COGNITIVE DECLINE/RETT-LIKE PHENOTYPE

AUTISM/ STEREOTYPE/ SEIZURES

ADOLESCENCE OR ADULTHOOD ONSET:

SPASTICITY/ PARKINSONISM/ DYSTONIA

OTHER FEATURES:

SEIZURES/ LENNOX GESTAUT SYNDROME

BILATERAL OPTIC ATROPHY

RX: LEVODOPA PARTIALLY RESPONSIVE

COPAN (COASY)

SLOWLY PROGRESSIVE

DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONISM

SPASTICITY/ AXONAL NEUROPATHY

EYE OF TIGER SIGN 

VAC14

CHILDHOOD- ADOLESCENCE 

COGNITION

FOCAL DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONISM

ATAXIA/ SPASTICITY

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA

NEUROFERRITINOPATHY

ORO-MANDIBULAR DYSKINESIA (85%)

JAW DYSTONIA/ BLEPHAROSPASM

FOCAL LOWER LIMB CHOREA /DYSTONIA 

ACUTE BALLISMUS 

LESS COMMON: ATAXIA/ PARKINSONISM/ TICS/TREMOR

LIP-SMACKING/ WRITER'S CRAMP

FRONTAL SUBCORTICAL COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION

ACERULOPLASMINEMIA 

AGE OF ONSET 30-70YRS

OROFACIAL DYSTONIA/ CERVICAL DYSTONIA

COGNITIVE DECLINE/ ATAXIA/ TREMOR/ CHOREA

PARKINSONISM (20%)

DIABETES MELLITUS/ LIVER DYSFUNCTION

RETINAL DEGENERATION

LAB: ABSENT CERULOPLASMIN

HETEROZYGOUS: MODERATELY REDUCED LEVEL

INCREASED FERRITIN

RX: DEFERIPRONE STARTING DOSE 15MG/KG/DAY

TWO DIVIDED DOSES

CAN TITRATE TO MAX 50MG/KG/DAY

PHLEBOTOMY 300ML EVERY 15 DAYS

FAHR'S SYNDROME

NEUROPSYCHIATRIC/ SEIZURES/ HEADACHE

PARKINSONISM/ DYSTONIA/ CHOREA

ATAXIA/ TREMOR

SLC20A2

COGNITION/ HEADACHE/ SEIZURES

PARKINSONISM

PDGFB

COGNITION/ HEADACHE/ SEIZURES

PARKINSONISM/ ATAXIA/ CHOREA

PDGFRB

COGNITION/ HEADACHE/ SEIZURES

PARKINSONISM

XPR1

COGNITION/ HEADACHE

PARKINSONISM/ ATAXIA

MYORG

COGNITION/ PARKINSONISM/ ATAXIA

JAM2

COGNITION/ PARKINSONISM/ ATAXIA/ DYSTONIA

MRI: CALCIFICATION

BG/ THALAMUS/ CEREBELLUM/ WM

MYORG: CENTRAL PONS CALCIFICATION

WOODHOUSE SAKATI SYNDROME (DCAF17)

SPECTRUM: RAPIDLY DISABLING TO MILD SYMPTOMS

COGNITIVE DECLINE

DEAFNESS/ DYSTONIA/ CHOREA

PARKINSONISM/ ATAXIA

ALOPECIA./ DIABETES/ HYPOGONADISM

TRIANGULAR FACE/ HYPERTELORISM

KUFOR RAKEB SYNDROME (ATP13A2) 

PARK9/ SPG78

COGNITION/ PARKINSONISM/ VSGP

VISUAL HALLUCINATION

LEVODOPA-INDUCED DYSKINESIA

OCULOGYRIC CRISIS

FACIAL-FAUCIAL-FINGER-MYOCLONUS

SPG78: LATE SPASTICITY WITHOUT PARKINSONISM

WILSON'S DISEASE  

LIVER/ NEUROLOGICAL/ PSYCHIATRY

DYSTONIA/ CHOREA/ PARKINSONISM

DEPRESSION/ OCD/ PHOBIAS

PROTEINURIA/ ARTHRITIS/SUNFLOWER CATARACT

CARDIOMYOPATHY/ ARRHYTHMIAS

SCL30A10/ SCL39A14 (MN TRANSPORTER)

HYPERMANGANESEMIA

BEHAVIORAL CHANGES

PARKINSONISM/ DYSTONIA

SPASTIC PARAPARESIS/ FINE TREMOR

COCKWALK:

TOE WALK/ ERECT SPINE/ ELBOW FLEXED

ALSO SEEN IN SCA3/ PKAN

LAB: POLYCYTHEMIA/ CIRRHOSIS (SCL30A10)

MRI: GPI HYPERINTENSITY (T1)

RX: CHELATION WITH EDTA/ D -PENICILLAMINE

 

AMINO-ORGANIC ACIDURIA

GLUTARIC ACIDURIA (GCDH)

COGNITION/ ATAXIA/ DYSTONIA

URINE GLUTARIC ACID MAY BE NEGATIVE

LAB: URINE ORGANIC ACID

MRI: HYPERINTENSITY (T2/ FLAIR)

PUTAMEN/ POSTERIOR PUTAMEN

WHITE  MATTER HYPERINTENSITY

SPARING U-FIBRES

CERVICAL MYELOPATHY

MACROCEPHALY

BATWING FRONTO-TEMPORAL ATROPHY

SUBDURAL HYGROMAS

RX: LOW LYSINE DIET/ CARNITINE SUPPLEMENT

L2 H-GLUTARIC ACIDURIA 

MACROCEPHALY

HIGH RISK OF MALIGNANCY

SPASTICITY/ ATAXIA/ DYSTONIA

MRI: HYPERINTENSITY (T2/ FLAIR)

CAUDATE/ PUTAMEN

GLOBUS PALLIDUS/ DENTATE 

CENTRIPETAL WHITE MATTER

U-FIBRE INVOLVED FIRST

CEREBELLAR WHITE MATTER

MACROCEPHALY

ABNORMAL DAT SCAN

RX: LEVODOPA/ RIBOFLAVIN

HOMOCYSTEINURIA

DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONSIM

PSYCHIATRIC SYMTPOMS

WIDE SPECTRUM

MARFANOID FEATURES

ECTOPIC LENS /MYOPIA

RX: PYRIDOXINE 100-300MG/DAY

FOLIC ACID 1-5MG/DAY

BETAIN AND RESTRICTION OF DIETARY METHIONINE

LESCH NYHAN SYNDROME

DYSARTHRIA/ DYSTONIA/ TICS

ARTHRITIS/ SELF MUTILATION

PHENYLKETONURIA

TICS/ SELF MUTILATION

STEREOTYPE/ OCD/ TREMORS

PRESENTATION CAN BE LATE 

CAN SURVIVE IN LATE ADULTHOOD

ATYPICAL PARKINSONSIM

MSA

BLEPHAROSPASM/ ANTEROCOLLIS

STRIDOR/ LIMB DYSTONIA

LEVODOPA INDUCED OROMANDIBULAR DYSTONIA

CORTICO BASAL SYNDROME 

ASYMMETRICAL LIMB DYSTONIA

PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY 

BLEPHAROSPASM/ CERVICAL DYSTONIA

ASYMMETRICAL HAND DYSTONIA

HEMIPARKINSONISM DYSTONIA

HEMIATROPHY

DOPAMINE BIOAMINE DEFECTS

GTPCH1 (AR)

PRESENTATION IN INFANCY

SEIZURES/ INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY

TRUNCAL HYPOTONIA/ LIMB HYPERTONIA

RX: RESPONSIVE TO HIGH-DOSE LEVODOPA

GTPCH1 (AD) 

CAN PRESENT AT LATER AGE

EARLY ONSET FOOT DYSTONIA (EQUINOVARUS)

OCCASIONALLY, UL DYSTONIA/ TREMOR

LATER PARKINSONISM WITH POSTURAL TREMOR

OCD/ SPASTICITY/ SCOLIOSIS

DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS

PHENOTYPES:

BENIGN PARKINSONISM

FOOT DYSTONIA

MYOCLONUS DYSTONIA

SPASTIC PARAPARESIS

RX: EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO LEVODOPA 

 

TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE - TYPE A

CEREBRAL PALSY/ JUVENILE PARKINSONISM

OGC/ UPPER LIMB DYSTONIA

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

RX: GOOD LEVODOPA RESPONSE 

TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE - TYPE B

TREMOR/ PTOSISMENTAL RETARDATION

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

HYPOTONIA/ DELAYED MILESTONES

RX: GOOD LEVODOPA RESPONSE 

SEPIAPTERIN REDUCTASE DEFICIENCY

MICROCEPHALY

MENTAL RETARDATION/ PARKINSONISM

OGC/ AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

HYPOTONIA/ SPASTICITY

RX: HIGH DOSE OF LEVODOPA

PTP SYNTHASE DEFICIENCY (PTPS)

HYPERPHENYLALANINEMIA

DYSTONIA/ EPILEPSY

HYPOTONIA/ OPHISTOTONUS

RIGIDITY/ CHOREA

RX: EXCELLENT LEVODOPA RESPONSE

AADC DEFICIENCY

PHENOTYPES:

SPASTIC DIPLEGIA LIKE CP

SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA

FOCAL DYSTONIA

RIGIDITY/ BRADYKINESIA

PAROXYSMAL MOVEMENT DISORDERS

INFANTILE ONSET:

HYPOTONIA

MIMIC NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE

RIGIDITY/ MULTIFOCAL MYOCLONUS

OCULOGYRIC CRISIS

DIURNAL OR WEEKLY FLUCTUATIONS

RX: DOPAMINE AGONIST/ MAO INHIBITORS

PYRIDOXINE 100-200MG/DAY

FOLIC ACID

TRANSPORTOPATHIES

VMAT2 DEFICIENCY (SLC18A2)

INFANTILE DYSTONIA PARKINSONISM

AUTONOMIC INSTABILITY

RX: DOPAMINE AGONIST

LEVODOPA WORSENS SYMPTOMS

DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER DEFICIENCY SYNDROME (SLC6A3)

TYPICAL: INFANTILE

ATYPICAL: ADULT-ONSET

PARKINSONISM/ DYSTONIA

OCULOGYRIC CRISIS/ OCULAR FLUTTER

SACCADIC INITIATION PROBLEM

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

CEREBELLUM/ AFFERENTS

SPINOCEREBELLLAR ATAXIA 

SCA3 

ATAXIA/ PARKINSONISM/DYSTONIA

CPEO/ BULGING EYES

SPASTICITY/ AMYOTROPHY

FACIAL LINGUAL ACTION INDUCED FASCICULATIONS 

NEUROACANTHOCYTOSIS

CHOREA-ACANTHOCYTOSIS (VPS13A)

AGE OF ONSET 20-60YRS

ACTION TONGUE DYSTONIA

FEEDING DYSTONIA/ TICS

PARKINSONISM (MAY BE PRESENTING SIGN)

RUBBER-MAN GAIT (KNEE AND HIP BUCKING)

DROP ATTACK

NEUROPATHY/ MYOPATHY

PSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS/ SEIZURE 

HEPATO-SPLEENOMEGALY

LAB:  CPK/ LFT ELEVATED

ACANTHOCYTES TO BE SEEN IN 1:1 DILUTION IN NORMAL SALINE WITH PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE

ACANTHOCYTE CAN BE ABSENT

CORTEX/ SUBCORTICAL 

JUVENILE HUNTINGTON (HTT)

AGE OF ONSET < 20YRS

PSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS

COGNITION/ SEIZURES

DYSTONIA/ PARKINSONISM 

MILD CHOREA

LYSOSOMAL

GM1 GANGLIOSIDOSIS

TYPE 1  (INFANTILE) 

COGNITION/ SEIZURES/ CORNEAL OPACITY

TYPE 2 (JUVENILE)

DYSTONIA/ COGNITION/ ORGANOMEGALY

CHERRY RED SPOT

TYPE 3 (ADULT)

DYSTONIA/ SPINAL BONY ABNORMALITY

ANGIOKERATOMA (TRUNK)

LIKE IN FABRY'S DISEASE

GM2 GANGLIOSIDOSIS

OCCASIONAL DYSTONIA 

ATAXIA PARKINSONISM

DEMENTIA MYOCLONUS

NIEMANN PICK C DISEASE

VSGP/ GELASTIC CATAPLEXY

ATAXIA/ DYSTONIA/ CHOREA

HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY

THROMBOCYTOPENIA

CHEDIAK HIGASHI (LYST)

AGE OF ONSET 20-40YRS

LYSOSOMAL TRAFFIC REGULATOR PROTEIN

ALBINISM/ INFECTIONS/ BLEEDING/

PARTIAL ALBINISM/ OCULAR ALBINISM

PARKINSONISM/ DYSTONIA/ ATAXIA/ NEUROPATHY

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PRIMARY DYSTONIA

DYT3 (TAF1)

PARKINSONISM

ONLY MALES AFFECTED

X-LINKED RECESSIVE

JAW AND NECK DYSTONIA COMMON

LATER BECOME GENERALIZED

UL DYSTONIA (LESS COMMON)

GTPCH1 (AD) 

CAN PRESENT AT LATER AGE

EARLY ONSET FOOT DYSTONIA (EQUINOVARUS)

OCCASIONALLY, UL DYSTONIA/ TREMOR

LATER PARKINSONISM WITH POSTURAL TREMOR

OCD/ SPASTICITY/ SCOLIOSIS

DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS

PHENOTYPES:

BENIGN PARKINSONISM

FOOT DYSTONIA

MYOCLONUS DYSTONIA

SPASTIC PARAPARESIS

RX: EXCELLENT RESPONSE TO LEVODOPA 

DYT12 (ATP1A3)

ROPD

AGE OF ONSET 4- 55 YRS

DYSTONIA WITH PARKINSONISM

OVER DAYS TO WEEKS

TRIGGER: FEVER/ STRESS/ ALCOHOL

ABRUPT ONSET THEN STABILIZES 

MILD IMPROVEMENT POSSIBLE

POOR LEVODOPA RESPONSE

CAPOS

CEREBELLAR ATAXIA/ PES CAVUS 

OPTIC ATROPHY/ HEARING LOSS

ALTERNATING HEMIPLEGIA OF CHILDHOOD

PAROXYSMAL

HEMIPLEGIA/ QUADRIPARESIS

DYSTONIA

DYT16 (PRKRA)

DYSTONIA PARKINSONISM

PROMINANT BULBAR

RX: GPI DBS MAY BE USEFUL

PARKINSON MONOGENIC

SNCA

COGNITION/ PSYCHIATRY

MYOCLONUS/ PYRAMIDAL

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

PARKIN

AGE OF ONSET 20-40YRS

AUTONOMIC/DYSTONIA/PSYCHIATRY

FOOT DYSTONIA ON EXERTION

PINK

DYSTONIA/PSYCHIATRY

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

DNAJC6

SEIZURE/ COGNITION

PSYCHIATRY/ PYRAMIDAL 

TYPICAL PARKINSON'S DISEASE

DJ1

CATARACT/ AMYOTROPHY(AHC)

HEARING

SYNJ1

SEIZURE/ COGNITION

DYSTONIA/ OCULOMOTOR PROBLEMS

FBX07

PSYCHIATRY/ CHOREA/ VSGP

PYRAMIDAL

22q11.2 DELETION (DiGEORGE SYNDROME)

ELONGATED FACE/ CLEFT PALATE 

HYPOCALCEMIA

PARKINSONISM

DYSTONIA-MYOCLONUS

EPISODIC SPASMS

MYOCLONUS

 

SPINAL CORD

SPASTIC PARAPARESIS

AFG3L2 

MITOCHONDRIAL

DIURNAL VARIATION

DYSTONIA/ATAXIA/PARKINSONISM

DOPAMINE RESPONSIVE PARKINSONISM

OPTIC ATROPHY

SPG7

AGE OF ONSET < 50YRS

OPHTHALMOPARESIS

DOPAMINE RESPONSIVE PARKINSONISM

AMYOTROPHY

METABOLIC

CO POISONING

NEUROLEPTIC EXPOSURE

 

MANGANESE POSIONING

MPTP

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